This topic is the continuation of “Universal Christian Salvation (1)”. The Bible verses addressed in Part 1 won’t be repeated here in Part 2. Part 1 should be read first.
Universalism or universal Christian Reconciliation is the belief that all or most humans will ultimately be reconciled to God, saved through Jesus. (It isn’t pluralism; all mans’ religions aren’t from God.) Two disparate beliefs of Christians are…Eternal Conscious Torment in hell-fire, held by Calvinists & Arminianists…and Annihilationism extinction. see brief explanations in Part 1.
A person who knows their Bible may cite isolated verses which seem to support any or all of those three main beliefs! Yet God is love (1Jn.4:8). Which belief best reflects God’s character, His love & justice?
In Part 1, we began examining pertinent passages in the New Testament (NT) and the Old Testament (OT) Septúagint/LXX which contain the Greek term for “all”…“pas” (Strongs g3956). This term “pas” occurs 1,240 times in the NT. Continuing with other pertinent verses containing the word “all” (pas):
In scripture, “all” (pas g3956) can mean ‘each & every’ man, without limits. e.g. in Ac.1:24, 17:25, Ro.3:23, He.12:23…“all” means ‘each & every’. But “all” doesn’t always mean ‘each & every’. (see Part 1). However, “all” rarely means only ‘some’ (unless exaggeration to prove a point was in view). And “all” doesn’t mean the minority of the class referred to. At the least, “all” indicates the majority.
Ro.11:32 Aramaic Bible “God has shut every [g3956] person into disobedience, so that He shall have mercy upon every [g3956] person.” Here, all Jews and gentiles in parallel. As all have disobeyed God, all shall eventually receive mercy. Meyer NT Commentary Ro.11:32 “The totality, namely, all Jews and gentiles jointly and severally.” Every person. Barnes Notes Ro.11:32 “All are represented as in prison [under sin], confined by God, to be liberated only in His own way and time.” Pulpit Commentary “Certainly the prospect of a universal triumph of the gospel…carries with it to his [Paul’s] mind further glories of universal salvation for all.” As disobedience is universal…mercy is universal. In parallel.
In Ro.11:26, Paul writes that in time “All [g3956] Israel shall be saved”. (cf. Is.45:25) That’s quite an assertion! Grotius said it was “a maxim among the Jews that every Israelite should have a part in the future age”. Gill Exposition Ho.1:10 “The Jews will be converted, and all Israel saved, Rom.11:25.” Meyer NT Commentary Ro.11:26 “All Israelites who up to that time shall still be unconverted, will then be converted to salvation.” But that time isn’t fulfilled yet; it’s into the future.
Peter preached to the Jews at Jerusalem in Ac.3:26. “God raised up His Son Jesus and sent Him to you first, blessing you, by turning every one [g1538 hékastos] of you from your wicked ways.” But every Israelite hasn’t yet believed, repented, and become converted to salvation. “All Israel” isn’t saved yet.
1Co.15:22 NASB “For as in Adam all [g3956] die, so also in Christ shall all [g3956] be made alive [g2227].” Surely, we all die. Dr. Spiros Zódiates says of the Greek term translated “made alive” (KJV “quicken”) g2227, “Generally used in reference to salvation”. Family NT Notes 1Co.15:22 “He shall raise to life the whole human family.” Pulpit Commentary “It is so impossible to understand the phrase, ‘shall all be made alive’, of a resurrection of endless torments.” This parallel “all” doesn’t allow for an eternal hell-fire. 1Co.15:23 “But each in his own order.” Not until each believes and repents.
Mt.18:14 “It is not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish.” All humans are children of God, the Father of spirits (He.12:9). This includes the mentally disabled. Bengel’s Gnomen Mt.18:14 “We ought to subserve the Divine will in caring for the salvation of all. The universal desire on God’s part to bestow it [salvation].” Pulpit Commentary “It is inconceivable that anyone can hold the doctrine of the eternal reprobation of certain souls [Calvinism & Arminianism].”
Lk.3:6 “All [g3956] humanity shall see the salvation of God.” Here Luke quotes Is.40:5 from the old Greek version (which became our Septuagint/LXX). Cambridge Bible Note Lk.3:6 “The blessedness and universality of the gospel.” JFB Commentary Lk.3:6 “Every obstruction shall be so removed as to reveal to the whole world the Salvation of God in Him whose name is the ‘Savior’ [Jesus].” (cf. Lk.2:30-32, Ac.13:47.) In time, no one will be without opportunity for salvation through belief in Jesus.
But how will the 14-year-old girl who died in an auto accident without knowing God see the “salvation of God”? Or how will the Eskimo who lived and died in 100 AD without ever even hearing the name of “Jesus” see the “salvation of God”? The Lord has His ways! He is just & fair, no respecter of persons.
Jesus stipulated in Jn.6:44-45, “No one can come to Me, unless the Father who sent Me draws him. As it is written in the Prophets [Is.54:13], ‘They shall all [g3956] be taught by God.” All. The inducement to come to Jesus is God’s doing. Gill Exposition Jn.6:44 “They [men] have neither power nor will of themselves.” (Ro.6:16 “It doesn’t depend on human will or effort, but on God who shows mercy.” That’s not Arminianism.) Jn.6:65 “No one can come to Me, unless the Father has enabled him.” We become enlightened and drawn via God’s Holy Spirit. Expositor’s Greek Testament Jn.6:65 “All that brings men to Christ is the Father’s gift.” But does God choose to never draw some men, wanting them instead to burn in hell forever? Would that reflect love/impartiality, not respecting persons (Ac.10:34)?
Rather, Jn.12:32 “If I am lifted up above the earth, I will make everyone [g3956 pas] want to come to Me.” Eventually, that is. (May it involve living more than one physical life?) Pulpit Commentary Jn.12:32 “The attraction of the cross of Christ will prove to be the mightiest and most sovereign motive ever brought to bear on the human will, when wielded by the Holy Spirit as a revelation.” It was Father God’s will that Jesus die on a cross (Mt.26:39), for all.
Ac.17:30-31 “The times of ignorance God overlooked, but now commands all [g3956] everywhere to repent…having raised Him [Jesus] from the dead.” If God was to condemn to eternal torment in hell-fire the ignorant masses who lived before Jesus walked the earth…such condemnation would contradict “God overlooked”! Meyer NT Commentary Ac.17:30 “Heathenism is based on ignorance.” Cambridge Bible Ac.17:30 “God hasn’t imputed to men the errors they committed in ignorance.” Is everlasting torment in a hell a just & fair punishment for ignorance? Yet God can enable all to repent, in His time.
And not only the masses of gentiles historically who didn’t know God. Again, “All Israel shall be saved” (Ro.11:26)! Descendants from all 12 tribes (Ja.1:1) of Israel too, including the Jewish people. Alfred Edersheim The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, p.116 “In view of Isa.53 and other passages…the Messiah is represented as willingly taking upon Himself all these sufferings, on condition that all Israel – the living, the dead, and those yet unborn – should be saved.”
Ro.14:11 “It is written [Is.45:23], ‘As surely as I live’, says the Lord, ‘Every [g3956] knee will bow to Me and every [g3956] tongue shall confess to God.” Yes, surely God does live…therefore every human will come to acknowledge Him and bow in worship! Gill Exposition Ro.14:11 “Everyone that has a tongue.” Meyer NT Commentary “The correct explanation is: every tongue shall praise God (as the Judge), and therewith submit to His judicial authority.” No tongues are left in hell-fire cursing God.
The Lord doesn’t force people to honor and worship Him, against their will. They’ll do so of their own free will.
He.2:8-9 “You [Father God] have put all [g3956] things in subjection under His [the Son of Man’s, v.6] feet. But now we do not yet see all things subjected to Him. But we see Jesus…that He might taste death for every [g3956] man.” JFB Commentary He.2:9 “His death [is] applicable for every individual man.” Meyer NT Commentary He.2:9 “Distinctly to bring out the thought that Christ died on behalf of each single individual among men, not merely for mankind as a totality.” Barnes Notes He.2:9 “How could words affirm more clearly that the atonement made by the Lord Jesus was unlimited in its nature and design? The advocates of the doctrine of limited atonement [e.g. Calvinists] cannot thus use scripture language to express their belief.” Christ’s atoning death isn’t limited to God’s elect in this age alone.
1Co.15:28 “When all [g3956] things shall have been subjected to Him [the Son], then the Son Himself will be subjected to the One [Father God] who subjected all [g3956] things to Him [the Son], that God may be all in all [g3956].” Totality. In the final consummation, all will be reconciled and bow to God…“all in all”. (And Jesus the Son too will still be in subjection to His Father’s greater authority, cf. 1Co.11:3.) Benson Commentary 1Co.15:28 “The Godhead…may be over all beings, in all places, and the immediate object of their worship and service.” Pulpit Commentary 1Co.15:28 “It is quite an easy matter for commentators to say that the scope of the words ‘must be confined to believers’, if they chose to make ‘all’ mean ‘some’. I confine myself to…‘All things’, and therefore all men, without any interruption.” No rebels. It seems that “all” here, at the very least, indicates the vast majority!
Col.1:19-20 “Through Him [Jesus the Son] to reconcile all [g3956] things to Himself [God]…whether things on earth or in heaven.” Cambridge Bible Col.1:20 “The human and angelic ‘worlds’ are the objects of the ‘reconciliation’ in view here.” Vincent Word Studies Col.1:20 “Must be taken in the same sense as in Col.1:16-18, the whole universe, material and spiritual.” Meyer NT Commentary Col.1:20 “The only sense therefore is, that the entire universe has been reconciled with God through Christ.”
Ti.2:11 “The grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all [g3956] men.” God most graciously sacrificed His Son Jesus. Barnes Notes Ti.2:11 “None were excluded from the offer; that provision had been made for all.” Benson Commentary “It concerns all persons, in whatever situation or condition.” Expositor’s Greek Testament “The all-embracing scope of the saving grace of God.” In time, will all persons who ever lived hear this good news and have opportunity for God’s salvation?
He.8:11 “They shall not teach each one his countryman, and each his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ for all [g3956] will know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them.” This is to result from the New Covenant and the indwelling Holy Spirit. Barnes Notes He.8:11 “It does not mean that all persons, in all lands, would know the Lord – though the time will come when that will be true.” That time is still yet to come. To date, only some have known the Lord (via the Holy Spirit).
Php.2:10-11 “At the name of Jesus everyone [g3956] in heaven, on earth, and in the world below will bow the knee. And every [g3956] tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.” This indicates universality! cf. 1Pe.3:19. Geneva Bible Php.2:10 “All creatures will at length be subject to Christ.” Meyer NT Commentary Php.2:10 “The bowing of the knee represents adoration.” Cambridge Bible Php.2:10 “Created existence, in its heights and depths…being said to worship.” Pulpit Commentary Php.2:10 “All Creation…uniting in the universal adoration.” Ellicott Commentary Php.2:11 “The acknowledgement of universal Lordship and majesty.” Yet some have died cursing God.
The apostle John envisioned in Re.5:11-14, “And every [g3956] created thing – which is in heaven, on the earth, under the earth, in the sea, and all [g3956] that are in them – I heard saying ‘To the One who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb [Jesus], be blessing and honor and glory and dominion to the ages of the ages. Amen.” Bengel’s Gnomen Re.5:13 “The harmonious song of all the inhabitants whom the four quarters of the universe contain.” Pulpit Commentary Re.5:13 “All animated creation now joins in the ascription of praise.” Robertson’s NT Word Pictures Re.5:13 “No created thing is left out.”
So this is total. All will give honor and praise to the Lord. Again, this is done of their own free will. There are none left in a “hell” agony, resisting God!
John also envisioned in Re.21:1, 4, “I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and earth had ceased to exist. He [God] shall wipe away every tear from their eyes; and death will not exist any more; or mourning or crying or pain; for the former things have ceased to exist.” There’s no cries of pain & torment from a hell-fire! (also ref the two-part topic, “Gehenna”.) Gill Exposition Re.21:4 “There will be nothing to afflict the mind.” The gates of Hades will not be able to stand (Mt.16:18)!
Can we believe…no more crying or pain will exist?! According to Bible scholar F.F. Bruce, “Eternal conscious torment is incompatible with the revealed character of God.”
John did write of a “second death” (Re.2:11, 20:6, 14, 21:8). Jewish Targums refer to a second death as annihilation for the very few who remain incorrigibly wicked, after all is said & done. see “Gehenna”.
According to the old religious periodical Manford’s Monthly Magazine, Abraham Lincoln said in regards to eternal punishment: “If God be a just God, all will be saved or none.” Lincoln appointed a universalist minister as a U.S. Army Chaplain during the Civil War. Protestant ministers objected because the man believed in the salvation of all souls, that even the Confederate rebels would be saved! Lincoln’s response was…if that be so, then he deserved to be a Chaplain in the U.S. Army.” (ref Nelson Simonson Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography.)
William J. Wolf The Almost Chosen People, p.105-106 “Describing a theological discussion in 1858 in Lincoln’s office. He…cornered his interrogators and left no room to doubt or question his soundness on the atonement of Christ, and salvation finally of all men. He didn’t pretend to know when that event would be consummated, but that it would be the ultimate result, that Christ must reign…over all.”
How can God bring to pass the salvation of most all individuals who ever lived, via the sacrifice of Jesus? Historically, many or most people lived & died without believing in Jesus, or never hearing His name! Such as the multitudes of gentiles who lived in BC times, before Jesus’ incarnation. They didn’t believe and repent, two requirements for salvation (Mk.16:16; Jn.3:18, 36; Lk.13:3; Ac.2:38, 16:31).
Yet God is able to bring to pass all things, according to His will, His word! Universal Salvation is great news concerning our ancestors, family members, friends & loved ones who died unconverted/unsaved! Their ultimate fate wouldn’t be eternal torment in hell-fire! So, it goes without saying, we Christians should hope that Universal Reconciliation for all through Jesus will eventually become a reality.
To explore how God might bring to pass the salvation of most everyone who ever lived, see the topic “Rebirth to Physical Life”.
Bible Topic Exposition 